TYPES OF ABUSE

There are two basic sub-sections in this category:

a) Training and Development Institutions: This is a very loose description as it encompasses a whole range of places including boarding schools and military establishments (just to name two). Whilst governments in most western countries would like to tell you that this form of abuse is a thing of the past, the reality is that it is still very much present, just disguised a lot more than in, say, the sixties. In this area there is two types of basic hierarchy. The first is related to the length of time an individual has been in the establishment (or the higher the grade in schools) - the longer you have been there, the higher up the ladder you are "found". Within each level of hierarchy is a "pecking order" that adjusts itself according to the individuals. The higher up the scale you are, the greater "power" you can wield over those below, especially those right at the bottom of the ladder. This is not strong in all areas but where the culture exists, it has been known to be the cause of mental anguish, mental breakdowns and even suicide.

b) Residential Institutions: While the predominant area found in this group are residences for the elderly, it is common in other institutions including orphanages and prisons. The general aspect here is the abuse by staff against the occupants. The forms of abuse can vary from place to place where such behaviour does occur. In most western countries, there are laws which, reportedly, apply punishment to those involved in such abuse. However, this abuse still occurs. The aspect of prisons is probably more rightly classified as being a combination of both groups.